Elsevier

 Journal

 Effect Of Tree-shading On Energy Demand Of Two Similar Buildings

 Ahmed Adedoyin Balogun, Tobi Eniolu Morakinyo And Olumuyiwa Bayode Adegun

 2014

This study investigates the effect of tree-shading on energy demand in two similar buildings. Outdoor and indoor air temperature was measured simultaneously for a period of 6 months. Five different base temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 25 °C were chosen and used to calculate cooling degree-days. Degree-day and cooling/warming rate methods were used to estimate cooling energy requirements for the two buildings. Indoor and outdoor cooling degree days were observed to be more for the un-shaded buildings compared to the tree-shaded one. Indoor warming and cooling rate show that the un-shaded building warms earlier and faster than the tree-shaded. Results indicate that tree-shading can save up to 34,500 NGN (US$218) on energy costs. The study shows the role of greening in reducing energy demand in buildings. 

 Scientific Research Publishing

 Journal

 Carbon Monoxide Concentration Monitoring In Akure—A Comparison Between Urban And Rural Environment

 Ifeoluwa Adebowale Balogun, Ahmed Adedoyin Balogun, Jimmy Adegoke

 2014

Air pollution has been identified to be one major problem associated with urbanisation, particularly in developing countries. In this regard, this paper utilizes data from a year-long experiment of simultaneous measurements to examine and compare the variations of carbon monoxide concentrations, a major air pollutant at urban and rural site in Akure, a medium-sized tropical city in south western Nigeria. The comparison was done to assess the urban influence on the air pollutant. CO concentrations at the urban centre have been identified to exhibit distinct diurnal and day-ofweek variations with respect to traffic rush hours. It is also observed that the concentrations at the urban centre were 2 - 3 times higher than that of the rural site which exhibited a consistent cyclic diurnal pattern throughout the week. Results further identified the major cause of CO concentration in the urban centre to be vehicular as consistent increase of the air pollutant from 08:00 to 16:00 during the weekdays is found to be associated with “school runs and rush hours” and also rises through the midnight hours on days linked with social events, particularly Saturdays. In relation to human health and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines, results showed that CO concentrations at the urban centre exceeded the WHO 8-hour average recommendation during daytime throughout the weekdays. 

 Ivyspring International Publisher

 Journal

 Water And Feed Consumption In Broiler Birds During A Typical Hot Weather Condition In Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

 AAB Balogun, FM Akinseye, JO Agbede

 2013

This study investigates the variability in feed and water consumption in broiler birds during a typical hot weather condition in Akure, Nigeria. Feed and water consumption as well as air temperature and relative humidity were monitored and the relationship between them was analyzed. The results showed that the daily water and feeds consumption of the birds are very closely related and increase over the course of the grow out. Water and feed consumption were also observed to be a linear function of broiler’s age; the birds were drinking 0.731 times of their age in kg of water and were eating 0.031 times their age of feed at any point in time. The result showed that under the prevailing environmental conditions, birds were consuming no less than 2.3 times more water than feed. The ratio of feed to water consumption is fairly constant over the life of the flocks. For this particular grow out the ratio of kilogram of water to kilogram of feed was 2.32 kg of water per kg of feed consumed. So whether a bird was a week old or seven weeks old, for every kilogram of feed eaten 2.32 kilogram of water was consumed. Ambient temperature was shown to have strongly influence the pattern of feed and water consumption indicated, high temperatures decreasing feed consumption and increasing water consumption. 

 Academic Journals

 Journal

 Observed Urban Heat Island Characteristics In Akure, Nigeria

 Ifeoluwa A Balogun, Ahmed A Balogun, Zachariah D Adeyewa

 2012

A climatological analysis of the differences in air temperature between rural and urban areas (Tu-r) corroborates the existence of an urban heat island (UHI) in Akure (7º 25’ N, 5º 20’ E), a tropical city in the south western part of Nigeria. The investigations which have been conducted out of a year-long experiment from fixed point observations focuses on the description of the climatology of urban canopy heat island in the Akure and the analysis of the results were presented. The results show that the nocturnal heat island was more frequent than the daytime heat island as it exists from less intense to higher intensity categories throughout the study period. Nocturnal heat Island intensity was observed to be stronger during the dry season. Although of lower intensity, daytime heat Island exists throughout the day except for few hours in the months of November and December that exhibits a reverse thermal contrast. The daytime heat island is observed to be intense in the wet months than the dry months, which may be caused by the evaporative cooling of wet surfaces. On the average, the urban/ rural thermal differences are positive, varying from 4°C at nocturnal hours during dry months to an approximate of 2°C around noon during wet months. This paper explain the aspects of heat islands and their relation to other causative agents such as the sky view factor (SVF) and also discusses its potential impact on energy demand. 

 Journal Of Geography And Regional Planning

 Journal

 Analysis Of Urban Expansion And Land Use Changes In Akure, Nigeria, Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information System (GIS) Techniques

 IA Balogun, DZ Adeyewa, AA Balogun, TE Morakinyo

 2011

Akure has since it became the administrative headquarters of Ondo State in 1976 been witnessing rapid developmental changes in terms of physical landscape, city growth and urban sprawl. These agents of landuse landcover changes are capable of creating environmental and climatic problems. In view of this,We fulti temporal remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques with field survey were used to detect the land use and land cover change in Akure (Lat: 7.25 °N; Lon: 5.20 °E), a south-western city in Nigeria between 1986 and 2007. The main objective using this approach is to examine the landuse landcover changes (LULCC) in Akure at different epochs in order to detect the changes that have occurred and subsequently project the likely changes that might occur over a given period. We found changes in land use and land cover of Akure through our different classification scheme (arable land, bare-surface land, built-up/settlement, dense forest and water bodies with a percentage change of 11.24, -5.86, 28.36, -33.87 and 0.13, respectively between 1986 and 2007). Results further revealed through projection that change by 2020 may likely follow the trend observed between 1986/2007. 

 Journal Of Meteorology And Related Sciences

 Journal

 Assessment Of Urban Heat Island And Energy Demand Parameters In Akure, Nigeria.

 IA Balogun, AA Balogun, ZD Adeyewa

 2011

It is well known that urbanisation has a significant effect on the local climate; thereby causing the climate of an urban area to differ from that of a nearby rural area. This paper investigates the climate modifying effect of urban growth in Akure, a medium-sized rapid developing south western city in Nigeria which lies in the tropics, and this is noted to have caused significant thermal alterations which are revealed by a year-long in situ measurement and analysis as presented in this work. The paper also attempts to establish the role of the urban heat island on energy demand by assessing the differences in degree day parameters between the urban city centre and the rural reference airport site. Results showed that the elevated temperatures during the dry period, particularly at the onset of summer monsoon in the city increases energy demand for cooling which is capable of adding pressure to the electricity grid during peak periods of demand. In this period, the increasing intensity of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) will tend to result in an increased cooling load and an increased number of human discomfort days as revealed by longer length of hours that required cooling. But when the summer monsoon has fully developed, the lowered UHI intensity will tend to result in reduced cooling demand due to cooling effect of monsoon winds. 

 Faculty Of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University

 Journal

 The Nigerian Micrometeorological Experiment (NIMEX-1): An Overview

 OO Jegede, M Maunder, EC Okogbue, T Foken, EE Balogun, JA Adedokun, EO Oladiran, JA Omotosho, AA Balogun, OR Oladosu, LA Sunmonu, MA Ayoola, TO Aregbesola, EO Ogolo, EF Nymphas, MO Adeniyi, GI Olatona, KO Ladipo, SI Ohamobi, EO Gbobaniyi, GO Akinlade

 2010

The first phase of the Nigerian Micrometeorological Experiment (NIMEX-1) was concluded between 15 February and 10 March 2004, at an agricultural site within the campus of Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife, Nigeria (7o33\'N, 4o33\'E). The multi-institutional project was aimed at determining the surface energy balance of a tropical wet and dry location in West Africa. The field observations made fell within a transition from the dry to wet season in the area, and as such, the surface conditions varied in extremes. An integrated measurement system comprising of various micrometeorological sensors was deployed to record the mean and turbulence parameters in the surface layers separately. A number of methodologies viz: the eddy covariance (EC), Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB), and modified Bowen ratio (MBR) systems, used to determine magnitudes of the surface fluxes; sensible and latent heats, were compared. Generally, there is a consistency of their diurnal trends but the BREB method overestimated the surface fluxes up to about 30%. The radiation balance indicated that the incoming shortwave is dominant during daytime and is mainly responsible for the surface forcings. The non-closure of the energy balance obtained at the surface, typically, was less than 25%. 

 Springer

 Journal

 Surface Energy Balance Measurements Above An Exurban Residential Neighbourhood Of Kansas City, Missouri

 Ahmed A. Balogun, Jimmy O. Adegoke, Sajith Vezhapparambu, Matthias Mauder, Joseph P. McFadden, Kevin Gallo

 2009

Previous measurements of urban energy balances generally have been limited to densely built, central city sites and older suburban locations with mature tree canopies that are higher than the height of the buildings. In contrast, few data are available for the extensive, open vegetated types typical of low-density residential areas that have been newly converted from rural land use. We made direct measurements of surface energy fluxes using the eddy-covariance technique at Greenwood, a recently developed exurban neighbourhood near Kansas City, Missouri, USA, during an intensive field campaign in August 2004. Energy partitioning was dominated by the latent heat flux under both cloudy and near clear-sky conditions. The mean daytime Bowen ratio (?) values were 0.46, 0.48, and 0.47 respectively for the cloudy, near clear-sky and all-sky conditions. Net radiation (R n ) increased rapidly from dawn (?34 and ?58W m?2) during the night to reach a maximum (423 and 630W m?2) after midday for cloudy and near clear-sky conditions respectively. Mean daytime values were 253 and 370W m?2, respectively for the cloudy and near clear-sky conditions, while mean daily values were 114 for cloudy and 171W m?2 for near clear-sky conditions, respectively. Midday surface albedo values were 0.25 and 0.24 for the cloudy and near clear-sky conditions, respectively. The site exhibited an angular dependence on the solar elevation angle, in contrast to previous observations over urban and suburban areas, but similar to vegetated surfaces. The latent heat flux (Q E ), sensible heat flux (Q H ), and the residual heat storage ?Q s terms accounted for between 46–58%, 21–23%, and 18–31% of R n , respectively, for all-sky conditions and time averages. The observed albedo, R n , and Q E values are higher than the values that have been reported for suburban areas with high summer evapotranspiration rates in North America. These results suggest that the rapidly growing residential areas at the exurban fringe of large metropolitan areas have a surface energy balance that is more similar to the rural areas from which they were developed than it is to the older suburbs and city centres that make up the urban fabric to which they are being joined. Keywords 

 DIE ERDE

 Journal

 Urban Heat Island And Bioclimatological Conditions In A Hot-humid Tropical City: The Example Of Akure, Nigeria

 Ifeoluwa A Balogun, Ahmed A Balogun

 2009

The impact of weather on human health has become an issue of increased significance in recent times, considering the increasing rate of urbanisation and the much associated heat island phenomenon. This study examines the urbanisation influence on human bioclimatic conditions in Akure, a medium sized hot-humid tropical city in Nigeria, utilising data from measurements at urban and rural sites in the city. Differences in the diurnal, monthly and seasonal variation of human bioclimatic characteristics between both environments were evaluated and tested for statistical significance. Higher frequencies of high temperatures observed in the city centre suggest a significant heat stress and health risk in this hot-humid city. 

 American Meteorological Society

 Journal

 Dispersion Experiments In Central London: The 2007 DAPPLE Project

 Curtis R. Wood, Samantha J. Arnold, Ahmed A. Balogun, Janet F. Barlow, Stephen E. Belcher, Rex E. Britter, Hong Cheng, Adrian Dobre, Justin J. N. Lingard, Damien Martin, Marina K. Neophytou, Fredrik K. Petersson, Alan G. Robins, Dudley E. Shallcross, Robert J. Smalley, James E. Tate, Alison S. Tomlin, And Iain R. White

 2007

In the event of a release of toxic gas in the center of London, emergency services personnel would need to determine quickly the extent of the area contaminated. The transport of pollutants by turbulent flow within the complex streets and building architecture of London, United Kingdom, is not straightforward, and we might wonder whether it is at all possible to make a scientifically reasoned decision. Here, we describe recent progress from a major U.K. project, Dispersion of Air Pollution and its Penetration into the Local Environment (DAPPLE; information online at www.dapple.org.uk). In DAPPLE, we focus on the movement of airborne pollutants in cities by developing a greater understanding of atmospheric flow and dispersion within urban street networks. In particular, we carried out full-scale dispersion experiments in central London from 2003 through 2008 to address the extent of the dispersion of tracers following their release at street level. These measurements complemented previous studies because 1) our focus was on dispersion within the first kilometer from the source, when most of the material was expected to remain within the street network rather than being mixed into the boundary layer aloft; 2) measurements were made under a wide variety of meteorological conditions; and 3) central London represents a European, rather than North American, city geometry. Interpretation of the results from the full-scale experiments was supported by extensive numerical and wind tunnel modeling, which allowed more detailed analysis under idealized and controlled conditions. In this article, we review the full-scale DAPPLE methodologies and show early results from the analysis of the 2007 field campaign data.