International Journal Of Novel Research And Development (www.ijnrd.org)

 Journal

 Development Of Ultra Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring With Weather Parameters

 1Ewetumo T., 2Okunlola B.A., 3Ojo-Joseph C. I., 4Fagbamiye-Akinwale O. M

 2023

Abstract : The increase in population in African continent coupled with poor waste management result into high level of air pollution post danger on people. To be able to create a better awareness magnitude of air pollution need to be quantified. To be able to achieve this goal a low-cost gas, dust and weather monitoring device was developed. The device consists of sensing unit (that comprised of gas sensors, dust sensor and weather sensor), microcontroller, real-time clock, MicroSD card shield and graphical liquid crystal display. For analysis, the data is stored in excel format and can be copied directly from MicroSD card. The device was tested and examined through intensive experimental work. The sample data shown on table and plots obtained from the experiment on field display the performance of device, it is clear that there is a close conformity between the data collected by the developed system and the existing standard systems. The need for extra cost and expensive third-party computer software for interfacing to download data from the logger have been eliminated. The system will be helpful in monitoring and recording of gas emission from dump site and atmospheric parameters. 

 International Research Journal Of Innovations In Engineering And Technology (IRJIET)

 Journal

 Developing A Low-Cost Salinity Sensor Using Locally Sourced Materials

 1Okunlola B.A., 2Ewetumo T., 3Okogbue E. C., 4Olabanji O. M.

 2021

Abstract - We report the design and construction of a locally constructed hydro-meteorological sensor for surface and underwater vehicles. This salinity sensor consists of four electronics units: the power, input (sensor), gain (amplifies the output signal), and output units. Each unit/block utilizes various low-power integrated circuits. The calibration equation of the salinity sensor was 1055.6exp-1.062 ml/mg/volt (correlation coefficient r = 0.9897). The performance and the coefficient of efficiency of the constructed sensor were compared with a standard sensor, showing the Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error, and Standard Deviation of -0.5535, 1.3825, and 3.4839 ml/mg, the error margins were relatively small, indicating an excellent performance by the sensor. However, the negative MBE suggests a slight underestimation of the standard. Conclusively, the sensor is efficient in hydro-meteorological studies, capable of monitoring solution conductivity and measuring salinity (and total dissolved salt) in the ocean or brackish water. 

 International Research Journal Of Innovations In Engineering And Technology (IRJIET)

 Journal

 Design, Construction And Control Of A Wireless Mobile Underwater And Surface Vehicle For Hydro-Meteorological Parameters Monitoring

 Okunlola Babatunde Abraham, Okogbue Emmanuel Chilekwu, Ewetumo Theophilus, Olabanji Olayinka Mohammed And Adeboye Ademola Olumide Christopher

 2020

Abstract—The purpose of this research is to develop both surface and underwater vehicles, which can adjust its altitude freely by changing the direction of propulsive forces and making the vehicle flexible when moving in the water with the ability to gather oceanographic data. According to [4], described that using asymmetrical structure would be better for the underwater vehicle. Wireless Mobile Underwater and Surface Vehicle for Hydrological Parameters Monitoring (WMUSVHPM) is a good robotic machine that can be used in a wide area for detailed survey and oceanographic data collection because the vehicle does not have to be connected to the support vessel. It can collect data in three dimensions from the underwater world, meaning that it has the ability to simul- taneously measure many parameters in the habitat through the capture of a realistic picture of the natural environment. This would help marine scientists to understand the ocean in new ways. For example, it could use a camera to count fishes within a certain three-dimensional range, and at the same time measure the quality of the water in which the fishes live and also to supersede human to work at hard to access or jeopardizing underwater region to do certain specific tasks like environmental monitoring, water pollution control, offshore oil and gas systems maintenance, pipeline and telecommunication cables surveys, mine detection, oceanographic sampling, and hydrographic surveys. The design, construction, and control of a WMUSVHPM can be divided into three phases. The first phase involves the design and construction of the WMUSV, including the mechanical system, power system, and body of the vehicle. The second phase involves the system identification using an incorporated Global Positioning System (GPS) for the remotely control, simulating the parameters for tracking and positioning control of the vehicle with on-board sensors and software. The third phase involves the design and construction of surface and underwater sensors for sea surface and underwater temperature, turbidity, depth, and data logger for data averaging and archiving. WMUSV unit will be constructed by low-cost material like commercial grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes.The designed vehicle has 6 degrees of freedom motion simulators control using rotational matrixes. With a reasonable cost, a semi-potable the WMUSVHPM prototype has been designed and simulated by using SolidWorks and assembled with a mechanical system, the module of an electronic system for the development of a controller. Furthermore, the solar panel type used in the construction of this vehicle determines the size of the vehicle and this will be put into consideration in the future design since there are smaller solar panels with high wattage in the market now and will be able to accommodate more sensors. Future development and improvement in the design compared to other AUVs will lead to a more portable design and cheaper in the long run. 

  Journal Of Geography, Environment And Earth Science International, Volume 13, Issue 3, Page 1-12 DOI: 10.9734/JGEESI/2017/34670

 Journal

 Heat-Sum Calculation In Forecasting Maize Phenological Stages And Harvesting Date In Lagos South West, Nigeria

 G. A. Afuye , V. N. Ojeh, B. A. Okunlola And V. F. Adejokun

 2018

Abstract Maize production is of primary importance in the world, especially considering that its cultivation takes up one of the greatest ratios of land used for agricultural production.Based on analysis of rainfall pattern and thermal regime, maize phenological stages and harvesting dates has been investigated with the use of heat-sum calculation along with the seasonal rainfall forecast by NIMET in relation to maize crop production. Data were collected from Agro-meteorological Observatory of Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Oshodi Lagos, Nigeria. Maize phenological records were collected during the period between 2005 and 2010. Also, information obtained includes phenological records for ten different period of maize crop forecast. The monthly mean values of all parameters were further averaged to obtain the annual mean. Microsoft Excel was used to show the correlation between these parameters rainfall, temperature and crop yield data between 1995 and 2010. Heat-sum calculation was employed as a forecasting guide of growing phase of maize crop and harvesting date in the study area. Graph of the yield were plotted against temperature and rainfall. Results show the length of growing-period with use of heat sum calculation and harvesting date of maize crop grown was forecasted. Results show that maize crop could be grown with the use of crop weather calendar considering life history and mean dates of important epoch of crop growth and development of maize phonological stages, sowing to germination, germination to emergence, emergence to 3rd leaf, 3rd leaf to 9th leaf, 9th leaf to tasselling, tasselling to flowering, flowering to soft dough, soft dough to hard dough, hard dough to harvesting dates with total number of 73 days. Heat units, expressed in growing days are frequently used to describe the timing of biological processes. The basic equation used was HS = [(TMAX + TMIN)/2]?TBASE, where TMAX and TMIN are daily maximum and minimum air temperature, respectively, and TBASE is the base temperature. The methods of interpreting this equation for calculating heat-sum is if the daily mean temperature is less than the base, it is set equal to the base temperature or if TMAX or TMIN < TBASE they are reset equal to TBASE. Average rainfall observed was 30mm in 10 days with duration of wet spell > 4 days. High wind exceeded 40knot. The minimum temperature recorded was 10ºC at night with maximum temperature of 400C during the day. Furthermore, result show that 10ºC is the base temperature of maize below this, the growth will be zero. 25º ? 38ºC is the optimum temperature for best or highest yield. 

 International Journal Of Science And Research (IJSR)

 Journal

 Evaluation Of Errors Associated With Bowen Ratio Energy Balance Method In Estimating Sensible And Latent Heat Fluxes Over Grass In Akure, Nigeria

 IDOWU SUNDAY B. And Babatunde Abraham Okunlola

 2017

Abstract: One of the standard techniques used to measure evapotranspiration indirectly is Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB)method. It is a micrometeorological technique, and it is widely used because of its simplicity, robustness, and affordability. This methodhas been applied in this study to partition available energy (Rn – G) into turbulent fluxes at the study site during wet and dry periods(July to December, 2014).BREB method estimates sensible and latent heat fluxes from measures of vertical gradients of air temperatureand vapour pressure. Both net radiation and soil heat flux are measured directly. These are then combined in surface energy balanceequation.Results show that apart from errors of measurement of net radiation and soil heat flux introduced into the estimates ofturbulent fluxes, Bowen ratio-energy balance method often produces totally unacceptable results. Wrong signs, and extremelyinaccurate magnitude of latent and sensible heat fluxes which occurs when Bowen ratio approaches -1 are common with this method.These problems occur as a result of resolution limits of instruments used.Also, under moist conditions, the BREB method can give goodresults for evapotranspiration estimates, but the method may not be so accurate under very dry conditions. Under moist conditions, erroranalysis showed that relative error in evapotranspiration is only small if the relative error in Bowen ratio is also small. In dry conditions,however, the absolute error in evapotranspiration is always fairly small because of the small value of evapotranspiration itself.In thisstudy, errors associated with Bowen ratio-energy balance method are evaluated. A method to find the range of Bowen ratio around -1which produces inaccurate flux estimates of latent and sensible heat fluxes is presented. The excluded region of Bowen ratio is notconstant but depends on the vapour pressure differences measured in each averaging period and the resolution limits of the device used.If temperature and vapour pressure gradients and the resolution limits of the sensors are known, spurious data obtained from the BREB method would easily be recognized. Objective criteria to eliminate spurious data are also presented.